Philip had received the duchy of Milan from Charles V in 1540 and the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily in 1554 on the occasion of his marriage to Mary of England. Updates? Spanish literature and art were only now entering their greatest period. An affectionate father to his daughters, he lived an austere and dedicated life. In 1566 the steadily deepening crisis of the Netherlands came to a head when groups of radical Protestants ransacked Roman Catholic churches, desecrating hosts, smashing stained-glass windows, and … for the character. In this case the governor-general, who had usually acted as the protector of the Moriscos against exploitation by the Christians, lost. Spain - Spain - Philip II: When Charles abdicated his various lands (1555–56), Philip II (1556–98) succeeded to all his father’s dominions except Germany. Morally and economically, there were dark sides to the picture, but to the Spaniards the 16th and early 17th centuries have always been their “Golden Age.”, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, conde-duque de Olivares, detail of. All philip ii of spain greeting cards ship within 48 hours and include a 30-day money-back guarantee. These were therefore rarely settled according to their merits but according to the prevailing political alignment at court. Spanish intervention in France from 1590 was equally doomed to failure. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan . All king philip ii of spain hoodies ship within 48 hours and include a 30-day money-back guarantee. Select from premium Philip Ii Of Spain of the highest quality. Pronunciation of Philip II of Spain with 1 audio pronunciation, 3 synonyms, 1 meaning, 9 translations and more for Philip II of Spain. King Philip II of Spain, also known as “Philip, The Prudent” who ruled one of the largest empires of the world, The Spanish Empire. Spain had gambled its own prosperity and its American treasure, and with it its own hegemony over the European continent, on a decisive victory over the heretics in western Europe, and it had failed. It was natural, therefore, that Spanish foreign policy remained on the defensive for 20 years after the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. Philip II (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), Felipe in Spanish, sometimes called Philip the Prudent, was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as duke or count; and King of Portugal and the Algarves as Filipe I from 1580. A Castilian army marched into Aragon (1591), and Philip made a number of constitutional changes. Philip began to give financial aid to the Holy League, the ultra-Catholic party in France. His empire in Europe, now without the imperial title, was still only a loose union of independent states recognizing the same head. Philip II was born in 1527 in Valladolid Spain. Philip was always anxious to maintain the dignity of their office, but he encouraged the local ministers and officials to report on their viceroys behind their backs, and he had no compunction about recalling a viceroy, governor, or minister when it suited him in this way to appease local opposition. Philip II was a member of the Habsburg dynasty. Philip was the self-proclaimed protector of the Roman Catholic Church. Philip II married four times and was four times a widower. The audiencia, in its turn, quarreled with the Inquisition over disputed rights of jurisdiction, as did the captain general. a| 32005964 035 . Philip II of Spain assumed the Portuguese throne in September 1580 and was crowned Philip I of Portugal in 1581 (recognized as king by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar) and a near sixty-year personal union under the rule of the Philippine Dynasty began.This gave Philip control of the extensive Portuguese empire. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Christian Spain from the Muslim invasion to about 1260, Castilian institutions, society, and culture, Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia, 1276–1479, The “Golden Age” in architecture and painting, The French invasion and the War of Independence, 1808–14, Moderates, progressives, and the generals, The Revolution of 1868 and the Republic of 1873, Primo de Rivera (1923–30) and the Second Republic (1931–36), The administration of Felipe González, 1982–96, Spain at the beginning of the 21st century, Zapatero and a new generation of Socialist leadership, Economic recovery and Catalonian independence, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, duque de Medina-Sidonia, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, conde-duque de Olivares. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). During his reign the Spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he lost the ‘Invincible Armada’ in the attempted invasion of England (1588). The key to the strategic thinking of Philip II and his successors, however, was always France. Many of the Castilian grandees who were appointed to these high offices undoubtedly strove to live up to these precepts. Philip II of Spain is considered an absolute monarch for two reasons. Philip started his rule in a time called the Golden age. The Habsburg dominions in Germany and the imperial title went to his uncle Ferdinand I. When Philip II returned to Spain in 1559, he still faced a naval war with the Turks, and in the following year his galleys suffered a humiliating and costly defeat at the island of Jarbah (off Tunisia’s east coast). time-and-space-penguin. Every other consideration was subordinated to this obligation, even to the point at which the Spanish ambassador in Rome, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, conde-duque de Olivares, intervened in three successive conclaves in order to assure, by a mixture of promises and threats, the election of popes congenial to his master (conclaves in 1590–91 of Urban VII, Gregory XIV, and Innocent IX). Find professional Philip Ii Of Spain videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. Emeritus Professor of History, King's College, University of London. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. King Philip II of Spain with three of his wives—Elizabeth of Valois (left), Anna of Austria, and Maria of Portugal (right)—and his son, Don Carlos (behind), from. The first modern ppolitical biography in English to give full weight to every aspect of Philip's reign, providing a fuller historical personality, truly representative of his century click on photos for written post. This was coupled with an almost pathological suspicion of even his most able and faithful servants. 25 cm. Moreover, successive naval building programs provided further economic stimulus to the peripheral areas of the peninsula rather than the centre, Castile—which, however, had the highest rates of taxation. He injured Spain through heavy taxation and he caused the Netherlands to revolt impact on therefore he had a negative on Spain. A deeply religious man, he subsequently made an offer of marriage to Elizabeth after Mary's death, with the proviso that she must convert to Roman Catholicism. Philip, the only son of Emperor Charles V, was born in Valladolid in 1527. Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 ... Philip II Of Spain - Encyclopedia Follow (While writing Bill the film) People: Ok so Philip II of Spain is the bad guy here, he was a disliked old man, with a fair amount of Habsburg jaw, and-Ben Willbond: ok but when I play him he’s gonna be sexy. The sack of Antwerp (November 4, 1576) by Spanish troops during the Eighty Years' War. It took two years of ferocious campaigning, with dreadful atrocities committed by both sides, before the rebellion was put down. Philip, a very dutiful son, took this advice to heart. Choose your favorite king philip ii of spain hoodies from thousands of available designs. The governors were to represent the king—not the state or the Spanish empire—as if he were present in person; it was stressed that they were not appointed for their own benefit but for that of the community they were sent to govern; they were to watch so that the king’s subjects might sleep in peace and quiet and to dispense equal justice to rich and poor. The defeat of the Armada was probably inevitable but not dishonourable. King Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II) of Spain, also known as Philip the Prudent or Philip II of the House of Habsburg, was unarguably the most important ruler in Spanish history. He sought to limit the spread of Protestantism, and he ultimately completed the work of unification begun by Ferdinand and Isabella (the “Catholic Monarchs”) in the Iberian Peninsula. This decision meant that now there was no one to protect the peaceful Morisco farmers from the large number of outlaws in the Alpujarras mountains. These countries, moreover, gave active support to the Portuguese pretender, António, prior of Crato (mid Portugal), and their privateers committed continual acts of piracy against Spanish trade in the Americas. Philip II, (May 21, 1527 – September 13, 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as duke or count; and King of Portugal and the Algarves as Philip I from 1580. Philip contracted four marriages. Alba was to root out heresy, punish those responsible for the rebellion, and impose taxes sufficient to relieve Castile of the need to send any more financial help to the government in Brussels. Even the popes found it sometimes difficult to distinguish between Philip’s views as to what was the service of God and what the service of the Spanish monarchy. In that year Sultan Süleyman I (the Magnificent) died, and for a time the Turkish danger faded into the background. Faceted Browser ; Sparql Endpoint ; Browse using . Yet, although Spain had failed in its highest ambitions, it remained the greatest power in Europe at the end of the 16th century. Wikipedia Upon Philip’s death in 1598, his second son ascended the throne as Philip III. Philip II, King of Spain. The most immediate problem was that of the Moriscos of Granada. Continue Reading. During his reign the Spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (beginning in 1566) and lost the “Invincible Armada” in the attempted invasion of England (1588). Philip II of Spain [by] David Loth. Philip II, engraving by Christopher van Sichem. Log in Sign up. By Linda Alchin https://plus.google.com/+LindaAlchin?rel=authorhttp://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk It was the first of three such moratoriums in Philip II’s reign—the other two were declared in 1575 and 1596—and it set the tone for the remainder of Habsburg rule in Spain, marked by growing disparity between the monarchy’s imperial policies and the financial resources at its disposal to carry out these policies. Since Pérez was unlikely to be convicted in the justicia’s court there, the king demanded his transfer to the court of the Inquisition. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. It was under his reign that Spain reached the height of its influence and power, and also of its artistic, literary, and musical excellence. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Posts about King Philip II of Spain written by liamfoley63. Mary Tudor became Queen of England in 1553. Philip II of Spain started out as the powerful king of the Netherlands. People: wait what. After the victory over the French at Saint-Quentin (1557), the sight of the battlefield gave him a permanent distaste for war, though he did not shrink from it when he judged it necessary. Philip II, King of Spain (1527-1598), Husband of Mary I. Sitter associated with 27 portraits The son of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Philip married Mary I against the wishes of Parliament and people in 1554. In 1543 he married Mary of Portugal but she died in 1546 giving birth to their son, Don Carlos. Of Spain': Memoirs of Spain During the Reigns of Philip IV. At the same time, however, internal and external contradictions started to become evident, making Spain a giant with feet of clay. Lauren and Catherine . The Armada campaign was said to have cost 10 million ducats; the combined cost of the continuing naval war against England, the campaigns in the Netherlands, and the military intervention in France was even greater. In 1556 Charles resigned the kingdoms of Spain, the Spanish overseas empire, and the Franche-Comté to Philip. “You may assure His Holiness,” Philip wrote to his ambassador in Rome, in 1566, “that rather than suffer the least damage to religion and the service of God, I would lose all my states and an hundred lives, if I had them; for I do not propose nor desire to be the ruler of heretics.” This remark may be regarded as the motto of his reign. Her only surviving son became Philip III. home message works cited "Philip the Prudent" In an absolute monarchy, the ruler wields absolute power over the state. The following list covers representations of him in drama, opera, film, novels, and verse. Find the perfect King Philip Ii Of Spain stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Philip’s subjects outside Castile, thus, never saw him, and they gradually turned not only against his ministers but also against him. Literature One of the most famous works of literature created during the Golden Age that is still known today is the story of Don Quixote de la Mancha written by Miguel de Cervantes. Six of the nine viceroys Philip appointed to govern Sicily were Spaniards, as were all those of Naples with the single exception of one, Antoine Cardinal Perrenot de Granvelle, and 10 out of 13 governors of Milan. But by 1595 a deputy from Sevilla said bitterly that. Found in the collection of the Museo del Prado, Madrid. Buy king philip ii of spain canvas prints designed by millions of independent artists from all over the world. To the Aragonese this meant the defense of their liberties; to Philip it meant open rebellion. He advised a more international dispensation of royal patronage, as, for instance, the appointment of the Prince of Orange (William I the Silent) to the viceroyalty of Sicily so that Netherlanders and Italians would no longer think that the king regarded only the Spaniards as his “legitimate subjects.” But Philip had refused to listen, and the bitter Castilian hostility to Granvelle at court ended by making the cardinal’s ministry in Madrid less and less effective in the last two or three years before his death in 1586. Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain (1556–1598), King of Portugal (1580–1598, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558). The Moriscos of Granada were then deported in small groups to different parts of Castile and settled in a last attempt to achieve assimilation. To accomplish the task set him by God of preserving his subjects in the true Catholic religion, Philip felt in duty bound to use his royal powers, if need be, to the point of the most ruthless political tyranny, as he did in the Netherlands. Philip, a great traditionalist, was not the man to inspire his different subjects with a new unifying idea, though he improved the central administration of his empire by the creation of the Council of Italy (1558). Oil on canvas, copy of an original by Titian , 78x108 cm. Philip could therefore risk sending his commander Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de Alba, with his best Spanish and Italian troops to the Netherlands (1567) to settle the problems of that dominion once and for all. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In Madrid, or in the gloomy magnificence of his monastic palace of El Escorial, which he built (1563–84) on the slopes of the Sierra de Guadarrama, the king worked alone in his small office, giving his decisions or, as often, deferring them. In practice, however, their success depended largely on the strength of the local opposition they met: there was, for example, a great deal of local opposition in Sicily, which had gained the reputation of being “fatal to its viceroys,” but very much less in Naples, about which at least one viceroy remarked that no one should wish to be viceroy there, because of the pain he would have to suffer when he had to leave that post at the end of his term. All important political decisions were thus taken in Madrid, and there the king relied almost entirely on Spaniards for advice. Notes "Authorities": p. 295-297. King Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II) of Spain, also known as Philip the Prudent or Philip II of the House of Habsburg, was unarguably the most important ruler in Spanish history. Spanish monks and mystics had given Roman Catholicism a new content, and Spanish theologians and jurists had created the basis of international law. The captain general of Granada, in charge of defense and internal security, was quarreling with the municipal council of Granada and with the audiencia, the supreme court for Andalusia, over precedence, rights of jurisdiction, and the ownership of some pastures. front., plates, ports. His third wife, Elizabeth of Valois, bore him two daughters. The son of his first wife, Maria of Portugal, died in prison in 1568. King Philip II of Spain, also known as Philip the Prudent, ruled one of the world's largest empires. Philip II of Spain (May 21, 1527 – September 13, 1598) was, starting in 1556, king of Spain, Italy and Burgundy, the Netherlands, Naples, and overseas Spanish America. Toggle navigation. Recent Top. It had brought Christianity to millions overseas—which to most contemporaries, if they thought about it at all, seemed worth the appalling price paid in terms of the lives and freedom of non-European peoples—and Protestantism, though not destroyed, had been contained. Portrait of Philip II, King of Spain, Alessandro Cesati, mid-1550s , Cleveland Museum of Art: European Painting and Sculpture. Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II «el Prudente»; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581 (as Philip I, Filipe I). Philip III (Spanish: Felipe; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. The failures of Philip’s government were great: it failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (beginning in 1566), and it sacrificed the “Invincible Armada” to the English in 1588. Find the perfect Philip Ii Of Spain stock illustrations from Getty Images. Philip II is remembered both for his failures and for his successes. In 1567 a decree was published forbidding the Moriscos the use of their Muslim names and dress and even their Arabic language. After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign,Phil Philip’s spare and elegant appearance is known from the famous portraits by Titian and by Sir Anthony More. He served as king of the Spaniards from 1556 to 1598 and as king of the Portuguese (as Philip I) from 1580 to 1598. While his ally England (to whose queen, Mary Tudor, Philip was married) lost Calais, Philip’s own armies won considerable victories, and he was able to conclude the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis with France (1559), which confirmed Spanish possessions and hegemony in Italy and which left the frontiers of the Netherlands intact. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. However, Philip II rule was not entirely beneficial for Spain. I could never drink orange juice the same way again . But the armies and navies continued to swallow up more than the stream of American silver. In 1540 Charles gave the duchy of Milan to Philip. Philip II of Spain was the only son of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V and his cousin Isabella of Portugal and was born in the Spanish capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527. From 1548 until 1551, Philip traveled in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands, but his great reserve and his inability to speak fluently any language except Castilian made him unpopular with the German and Flemish nobility. Philip II of Spain was the only son of Charles V, who was the King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor He ascended the throne on 19 June 2014 upon the abdication of his father, Juan Carlos I. Felipe VI or Philip VI (Spanish: ; Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is the King of Spain. He was born in Valladolid , and was the only son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his wife to live until he was an adult. Charles gradually increased Philip’s responsibilities as he aged. The king kept control over his viceroys and governors by weekly, sometimes daily, correspondence, carried by the excellent postal service that the house of Austria had organized in Europe. philip ii of macedon (382-336 bc) loses his right eye - philip ii of spain stock illustrations Portrait of Philip II of Habsburg , first king of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Although Philip II could thus justify his aggressive policies to himself, both Spain’s enemies and its allies were convinced that they were witnessing the quest for Spanish dominance over Europe. On Christmas Day, 1568, they rose against the hated Christians. Philip II of Spain David Kim Philip Cho Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. It was no exaggeration, for in the case of Juan de Escobedo, the secretary of Don John of Austria, Philip even consented to murder. He was born in Valladolid, and was the only son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his wife to live until he was an adult. The duke of Parma, with his Spanish veterans, won great tactical victories, but Spain failed to prevent the succession of Henry of Navarre as Henry IV of France and the collapse of its ally, the Holy League, when Henry converted to Roman Catholicism in 1593. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Archduchess Maria of Austria (June 21, 1528 – February 26, 1603) was Holy Roman Empress and queen consort of Bohemia and Hungary as the spouse of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary. When Philip II returned to Spain in 1559, he still faced a naval war with the Turks, and in the following year his galleys suffered a humiliating and costly defeat at the island of Jarbah (off Tunisia’s east coast). The strategic effects of this great victory were negligible, but its moral effects were immense. This essay will attempt to take each main area of conflict in his life and provide clear indications as to the degree of success that Philip achieved. He was also, as Philip II, King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621. Philip II of Spain The son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Queen Isabella of Portugal, Philip II was a strong catholic King of Spain who led the inquisition against the protestants, and attempted to take over England with his great fleet of ships called the Spanish Armada. LEADER 00874nam a2200289 4500. After Lepanto, however, it became clear that the stalemate in the Mediterranean could not be broken. She died in 1545, giving birth to the ill-fated Don Carlos. But, until 1595, France was paralyzed by a long succession of civil wars. The attempt to Christianize and assimilate them had proceeded only very slowly. It confirmed the Spaniards in their chosen role as champions of Christendom and explains much of their continued willingness to support their king’s religious and imperial policies, even in the face of ruinous costs and mounting disasters. In the 1560s the ineptitude and the wrangling among the different public authorities in Andalusia brought government to a virtual standstill. The first was with his cousin Maria of Portugal in 1543. Author of, Protestantism: The expansion of the Reformation in Europe. 2o2o-kit. Technical Details Staff View. Philip II of Spain has inspired artistic and cultural works for over four centuries, as the most powerful ruler in the Europe of his day, and subsequently a central figure in the "Black Legend" of Spanish power. High quality Philip Ii Of Spain gifts and merchandise. Philip II of Spain To fully answer this question it is necessary to truly evaluate each of his policies with dealing his enemies and compatriots both foreign and domestic throughout his reign. From Madrid he ruled his empire through his personal control of official appointments and all forms of patronage. Under Philip’s rule Spain enjoyed a golden age. Find the perfect Philip Ii Of Spain stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Under Philip, the Ottomans were defeated (1571), the spread of Protestantism in Italy and Spain was prevented, and a literary Golden Age began. Each philip ii of spain art print is produced using archival inks, ships within 48 hours, and comes with a 30-day money back guarantee! These shipments inspired both the king and his German and Genoese creditors with the perennial hope of new treasure to pay off ever growing debts. 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