Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. The Bavarian law was applied throughout Germany as part of the 1871 German unification as the German Empire under Otto von Bismarck, and has since been updated to reflect modern trends in beer brewing. Beers of Joy is practically a love letter to the world's most famous brewed beverage. At the time, brewers were women as well, but also priestesses. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees Plato, hence Vetter "33") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time,[126][127] though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann, had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14% abv. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. Ale muste haue these properties, it muste be fresshe and cleare, it muste not be ropy, nor smoky, nor it must haue no wefte nor tayle. In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Pinulongan; Bantayi; Igliwat; An serbesa, serbisa (Iningles: Beer) o ber amo an usa ka makahurubog nga irimnom. [124] In Belgium, some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%–4%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools.[125]. The name "lager" comes from the German "lagern" for "to store", as brewers around Bavaria stored beer in cool cellars and caves during the warm summer months. Copy and Paste [118][119], Beer ranges from less than 3% alcohol by volume (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast,[120] and to 55% abv by the freeze-distilling process. It’s light, soft, and will raise eyebrows wherever you go! Beers of Joy gledaj film besplatno Beers of Joy cijeli film *Gledajte film na mreži ili gledajte najbolje besplatne videozapise visoke rezolucije 1080p na radnoj površini, prijenosnom računalu, prijenosnom računalu, tabletu, iPhoneu, iPadu, Mac Pro i još mnogo toga. Chuvash "pora" its r-Turkic counterpart, which may ultimately be the source of the Germanic beer-word. [47] As of 2006, more than 133 billion litres (35 billion US gallons), the equivalent of a cube 510 metres on a side, of beer are sold per year, producing total global revenues of US$294.5 billion. Feast upon stunning visuals of medieval monasteries, historic German villages, and breweries from across the world that serve as the backdrop for four people immersing themselves in their passion for beer. The word beer comes from old Germanic languages, and is with variations used in continental Germanic languages, bier in German and Dutch, but not in Nordic languages. [30][31] Mesopotamian brewing appears to have incorporated the usage of a twice-baked barley bread called bappir, which was exclusively used for brewing beer. However, this is a debatable point, and such drinks are generally referred to as "rice wine" or "sake" which is really the generic Chinese and Japanese word for all alcoholic drinks. [151] Downstream emissions from distribution, retail, storage and disposal of waste can be over 45% of a bottled micro-brew beer's CO2 emissions. For the wood-dried malt, when it is brewed, beside that the drink is higher of colour, it doth hurt and annoy the head of him that is not used thereto, because of the smoke. Serbisa. [170] Some of these studies combined former ethanol drinkers and lifelong abstainers into a single group of nondrinkers, which hides the health benefits of lifelong abstention from ethanol. Further innovations in the brewing process came about with the introduction of the thermometer in 1760 and hydrometer in 1770, which allowed brewers to increase efficiency and attenuation. Directed by David Swift, Scott Owen. Other colourants—such as caramel—are also widely used to darken beers. [178], Beers vary in their nutritional content. [41] The ancient Greeks also made barleywine (Greek: "κρίθινος οἶνος" – krithinos oinos, "barley wine"[42][43]) mentioned by Greek historian Polybius in his work The Histories, where he states that Phaeacians kept barleywine in silver and golden kraters. [7], Fermentation is sometimes carried out in two stages, primary and secondary. Blackened Voodoo. (1557), fol. [2] This discovery reveals one of the earliest known uses of fermentation and is the earliest evidence of brewing to date.[3]. [44] Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. Bread and beer increased prosperity to a level that allowed time for development of other technologies and contributed to the building of civilizations. These brewers noticed that the beers continued to ferment, and to also clear of sediment, when stored in cool conditions. Beer forms part of the culture of many nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, pub quizzes and pub games. Many are of the “pilsner” type. [24] Approximately 5000 years ago, workers in the city of Uruk (modern day Iraq) were paid by their employers with volumes of beer. Premium Lager. Hopped beer was perfected in the medieval towns of Bohemia by the 13th century. In addition to fermenting the beer, yeast influences the character and flavour. [15][16], In Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq), early evidence of beer is a 3,900-year-old Sumerian poem honoring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing, which contains the oldest surviving beer recipe, describing the production of beer from barley via bread. [9][10], Beer is distributed in bottles and cans and is also commonly available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. Each run would produce a weaker wort and thus a weaker beer. [113] The most common colour is a pale amber produced from using pale malts. [155] People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A new collaborative film is out aiming to tell “the extraordinary innovation and history of craft beer production”. Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. To this day, the Gebot is considered a mark of purity in beers, although this is controversial. Once most of the alcohol has been produced during primary fermentation, the beer is transferred to a new vessel and allowed a period of secondary fermentation. [65], Hartman, L. F. and Oppenheim, A. L., (1950) "On Beer and Brewing Techniques in Ancient Mesopotamia,". It's at times a bit too breezy, but it's a genuinely entertaining way to spend a couple of hours with people you grow to enjoy and journeys in which you become invested. An serbesa, serbisa (Iningles: Beer) o ber amo an usa ka makahurubog nga irimnom.. Pinanbasaran. [203] Hops, and beer made with it, contain 8-prenylnaringenin which is a potent phytoestrogen. Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. Advertising became supreme, and bigger companies fared better in that market. A beer tower is a beer dispensing device, usually found in bars and pubs, that consists of a cylinder attached to a beer cooling device at the bottom. Joy Lynn Fawcett, née Joy Biefeld à Inglewood (Californie) le 8 février 1968, est une joueuse américaine de soccer. [199] Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu—traditional rice-based drinks related to beer. What does Beers expression mean? [51] Flavoring beer with hops was known at least since the 9th century, but was only gradually adopted because of difficulties in establishing the right proportions of ingredients. Dark beers are usually brewed from a pale malt or lager malt base with a small proportion of darker malt added to achieve the desired shade. Beers of Joy is a fascinating, entertaining, and savory journey into our world’s favorite magical elixir. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2003. Coke was first used for roasting malt in 1642, but it was not until around 1703 that the term pale ale was used.[114][115]. Ian Spencer Hornsey: A History of Beer and Brewing. Chemical tests of ancient pottery jars reveal that beer was produced as far back as about 7,000 years ago in what is today Iran. View the profiles of people named Joy Beers. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. For other uses, see, Alcoholic drink made from fermented cereal grains. 1.800. [33], The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period to "drop" (clear) again, as well as to fully condition—this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days. Our portfolio consists of over 300 different beers. Joy is an experienced HR leader, who joined De Beers from US-based luxury homebuilder Toll Brothers where she was Chief Human Resources Officer. Very dark beers, such as stout, use dark or patent malts that have been roasted longer. The idea that beer was consumed more commonly than water during medieval times is a myth. Beers of Joy Filmovi Online Sa Prevodom. Based on Julia Quinn's best-selling series of novels, Bridgerton is set in the sexy, lavish and competitive world of Regency London high society. [131][132] In September 2011, the Scottish brewery BrewDog produced Ghost Deer, which, at 28%, they claim to be the world's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone. It is usually dark coloured with an abv of 3% to 3.6%, although there are lighter hued milds as well as stronger examples reaching 6% abv and higher. A 3,900-year-old Sumerian poem honouring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing, contains the oldest surviving beer recipe, describing the production of beer from bread made from barley. [165], Beer is consumed out of a variety of vessels, such as a glass, a beer stein, a mug, a pewter tankard, a beer bottle or a can; or at music festivals and some bars and nightclubs, from a plastic cup. But as a sucker for a cheap laugh, I prefer 'King of Beers' ('na na na na na na sorrow') and 'Long Haired Guys from England' ('i bet in london i could get a date/'cause i'm a short haired guy from the united states'). The grains are then washed in a process known as "sparging". The brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040, and therefore is the oldest working brewery in the world. The pouring process has an influence on a beer's presentation. [13], The word beer comes into present-day English from Old English bēor, itself from Common Germanic; although the word is not attested in the East Germanic branch of the language-family, it is found throughout the West Germanic and North Germanic dialects (modern Dutch and German bier, Old Norse bjórr). [98] Fred Eckhardt furthered Jackson's work in The Essentials of Beer Style in 1989. In 2004, the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. [156] Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. This type of production spread to Holland in the 14th century and later to Flanders and Brabant, and reached England by the late 15th century.[52]. [40], The Greek writer Sophocles (450 BCE) discussed the concept of moderation when it came to consuming beer in Greek culture, and believed that the best diet for Greeks consisted of bread, meats, various types of vegetables, and beer[citation needed] or "ζῦθος" (zythos) as they called it. This process makes the beer appear bright and clean, rather than the cloudy appearance of ethnic and older styles of beer such as wheat beers. Great Raft Brewing maintains a tasting room where patrons (21+) can sample beer just feet from where it … Our annual turnover amounts to more than 773 million. Unlike sake, mold was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by chewing or malting. Lambic, a beer of Belgium, is naturally fermented using wild yeasts, rather than cultivated. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12°–14 °C (53°–57 °F) for cask ales to be served. [190][191][192] Wine writer Malcolm Gluck disputed the need to pair beer with food, while beer writers Roger Protz and Melissa Cole contested that claim.[193][194][195]. He made this in a giant kettle that Thor had brought. Hops contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours to beer. Beer flavored without it was often spoiled soon after preparation and could not be exported. Les San seraient présents dans la région depuis 44 000 ans . [62] Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a "stillage" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11–13 °C or 52–55 °F),[147] before being tapped and vented—a tap is driven through a (usually rubber) bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask, which is now uppermost. Beers of Joy follows four distinctly different characters, who are all united by their love of beer. Hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and aids in "head retention",[76][77] the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last. "[45], In Europe during the Middle Ages, a brewers' guild might adopt a patron saint of brewing. [108], Lager is cool fermented beer. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. Coutts patented his process, which involves beer flowing through sealed tanks, fermenting under pressure, and never coming into contact with the atmosphere, even when bottled. We brew beer that brings folks together to spread the joy and pride of our gumbo-pot culture. [45][72] Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Hops are added during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma. The process of making beer is known as brewing. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content. There is a new film available across the country on on-demand that expresses the story of a self-styled home brew chef. The purpose of brewing is to convert the starch source into a sugary liquid called wort and to convert the wort into the alcoholic drink known as beer in a fermentation process effected by yeast. BEERS OF JOY is a fascinating, entertaining, and savory journey into our world's favorite magical elixir. [19][20] It is possible, but not proven, that it dates back even further—to about 10,000 BC, when cereal was first farmed. ", "Draught Beats Bottled in Life Cycle Analysis", "European Beer Statistics—beer sales by package type", "Pack Web Asia – Full aperture end technology makes drinking easy", "Holsten-Brauerei Pet Line for Bottled Beer, Brunswick, Germany", "How Miller Brands partners with licensees to drive sales", "Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? [6] Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. The world of the most famous brewed beverage, as experienced by the passionate portrayals of four characters whose lives involve the craft of beer. Loved the documentary and what they all stood for. The strength of modern beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (ABV), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% ABV and above.[11]. Burst of Joy is a Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph by Associated Press photographer Slava "Sal" Veder, taken on March 17, 1973 at Travis Air Force Base in California. Pale lager and pale ale are terms used for beers made from malt dried with the fuel coke. A few styles such as lambics rely on this method today, but most modern fermentation adds pure yeast cultures. In 1912, the use of brown bottles began to be used by Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States. Le terme San (prononcé /san/ ; pluriel San) tend à remplacer Bochiman (homme du bush), utilisé durant la période de la colonisation . The first chemically confirmed barley beer dates back to the 5th millennium BC in Iran, and was recorded in the written history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and spread throughout the world. [184] Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. Consolidation of breweries and the application of industrial quality control standards have led to the mass-production and the mass-marketing of huge quantities of light lagers. [25] During the building of the Great Pyramids in Giza, Egypt, each worker got a daily ration of four to five litres of beer, which served as both nutrition and refreshment that was crucial to the pyramids' construction. This method is often used with starches derived from sources other than grain, such as yams, taro, or other such root vegetables. Asia's first brewery was incorporated in 1855 (although it was established earlier) by Edward Dyer at Kasauli in the Himalayan Mountains in India under the name Dyer Breweries. This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. [12], In early forms of English, and in the Scandinavian languages, the usual word for beer was the word whose Modern English form is ale. [150] Where legal, the use of a refillable jug, reusable bottle or other reusable containers to transport draught beer from a store or a bar, rather than buying pre-bottled beer, can reduce the environmental impact of beer consumption.[152]. In 1256, the Aldobrandino of Siena described the nature of beer in the following way: But from whichever it is made, whether from oats, barley or wheat, it harms the head and the stomach, it causes bad breath and ruins the teeth, it fills the stomach with bad fumes, and as a result anyone who drinks it along with wine becomes drunk quickly; but it does have the property of facilitating urination and makes one's flesh white and smooth. Ale shulde not be dronke vnder .v. Before that, gruit, a mix of various herbs, had been used, but did not have the same preserving properties as hops. An even earlier reference to such malt was recorded by William Harrison, in his "Description of England", 1577: In some places it [malt] is dried at leisure with wood alone, or straw alone, in other with wood and straw together, but, of all, the straw-dried is the most excellent. [92] A brewpub is a type of microbrewery that incorporates a pub or other drinking establishment. In 1965, while studying for her master's degree, she married her ex-husband, Joseph Behar. [104] This same beer later also became known as stout, though the word stout had been used as early as 1677. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. A metal keg is pressurised with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas which drives the beer to the dispensing tap or faucet. Great Raft Brewing sold its first beer on October 15, 2013, becoming the first brewery to sell beer in the Shreveport-Bossier City area since the beginning of national prohibition in the United States in 1920. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. [36] It was the favourite of the god Indra. The Romans called their brew cerevisia, from the Celtic word for it. 5.5% ABV. The recipe requires just two ingredients, your favorite gin and a lime cordial. This innovation has since been accepted worldwide and prevents harmful rays from destroying the quality and stability of beer. The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. Coming in at around two hours, "Beers Of Joy" is still a little long winded. The mythical Flemish king Gambrinus (from Jan Primus (John I)), is sometimes credited with the invention of beer. Wikipedia refers to them as a “ghost, spirit or deity associated with fate who can be both benevolent and antagonistic towards mortal people. Seeing the world as our family Created with sketchtool. [93][94] The Benedictine Weihenstephan brewery in Bavaria, Germany, can trace its roots to the year 768, as a document from that year refers to a hop garden in the area paying a tithe to the monastery. Ægir had two servants in his hall to assist him; Eldir [Fire-Kindler] and Fimafeng [Handy]. The use of rice became dominant, such that wines from fruits of any type were historically all but unknown except as imports in China. [clarification needed] In 2002, South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Busch. [38], Beer was part of the daily diet of Egyptian pharaohs over 5,000 years ago. German towns pioneered a new scale of operation with standardized barrel sizes that allowed for large-scale export. [69] Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. "Beers of Joy" is being distributed worldwide by Gravitas Ventures. In Nart sagas, Satanaya (Ubykh [satanaja], Adyghe [setenej], Ossetian [ʃatana]), the mother of the Narts, a fertility figure and matriarch, invented beer. Pinanbasaran Bibliograpiya. Wheat beers are usually top-fermented. [81] Brettanomyces ferments lambics,[82] and Torulaspora delbrueckii ferments Bavarian weissbier. Once this was known, brewers switched to using mostly pale malt for all beers supplemented with a small quantity of highly coloured malt to achieve the correct colour for darker beers. Our purpose. [citation needed], These beers were often thick, more of a gruel than a drink, and drinking straws were used by the Sumerians to avoid the bitter solids left over from fermentation. In China, residue on pottery dating from around 5,000 years ago shows beer was brewed using barley and other grains. Who is the chef star? In the United Kingdom, I have plenty of pilsners to turn to but I miss having the availability of La Trappe Puur. Beer is an especially important drink in countries such as Belgium, Germany, Austria, Ireland, the UK (England, Wales, and Scotland), France, the Scandinavian countries, Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain and others having strong and unique brewing traditions with their own history, characteristic brewing methods, and styles of beer. Thracians were also known to consume beer made from rye, even since the 5th century BC, as the ancient Greek logographer Hellanicus of Lesbos says. [139] The German brewery Schorschbräu's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock,[140][141][142] and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. These unfiltered, unpasteurised brews are more challenging to handle than the commonly sold "dead" beers; "live" beer quality can suffer with poor care, but many people prefer its taste. Hartman, L. F. and Oppenheim, A. L., (1950) On Beer and Brewing Techniques in Ancient Mesopotamia. The beverage without admixture of water was very strong, and of a delicious flavour to certain palates, but the taste must be acquired. Beer is one of the oldest drinks humans have produced. Christian monks built breweries, to provide food, drink, and shelter to travelers and pilgrims. Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer, made with sorghum with no barley malt, for those who cannot consume gluten-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye.[70]. Most beers until relatively recent times were top-fermented. Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. Classic Pilsner : 4.8% ABV: Our authentically crafted take on the slow-brewed beer that built this brewery Learn More. [89] In 2008, when InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. [14][15][13], In Old English and Old Norse, the beer-word did not denote a malted alcoholic drink like ale, but a sweet, potent drink made from honey and the juice of one or more fruits other than grapes, much less ubiquitous than ale, perhaps served in the kind of tiny drinking cups sometimes found in early medieval grave-goods: a drink more like mead or cider. [68] Different roasting times and temperatures are used to produce different colours of malt from the same grain. The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. [84], Some brewers add one or more clarifying agents or finings to beer, which typically precipitate (collect as a solid) out of the beer along with protein solids and are found only in trace amounts in the finished product. In Norse mythology the sea god Ægir, his wife Rán, and their nine daughters, brewed ale (or mead) for the gods. – Free Online Library", http://www.beer100.com/history/beerhistory.htm, "Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China", University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, "Industry Browser – Consumer Non-Cyclical – Beverages (Alcoholic) – Company List", "Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China", "13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world", "The world's oldest paycheck was cashed in beer", "Early pint: evidence of 'first British beer' found in Cambridgeshire", "Oldest ever UK brewery discovered in Cambridgeshire roadworks - Xinhua | English.news.cn", "Oldest Evidence of British Beer Found in Highway Dig", "Egypt unearths 'world's oldest' mass-production brewery", "Ancient beer brewed to include antibiotic", "Sumerian Beer: The Origins of Brewing Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia", "No, Medieval people didn't drink booze to avoid dirty water", "What was the drink of choice in medieval Europe? funt - slightly less offensive merging of the f-word and the c-word, which you can say in front of older relatives and get away with. Andrewe Boorde. By 1895, the largest sixteen firms had greatly increased their productive capacity and were all brewing over 250,000 barrels annually;[60] and imports have become more abundant since the mid-1980s. The cups in Ægir's hall were always full, magically refilling themselves when emptied. My moving out of the Netherlands made me rethink all my recipes and go-to beers, of course, because of availability or resources. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. [13], Beer is one of the world's oldest prepared alcoholic drinks. Previously beer had been brewed at home, but the production was now successfully replaced by medium-sized operations of about eight to ten people. Its development was prompted by a British law of 1816 forbidding the use of any ingredients other than malt and hops. [13], As almost any cereal containing certain sugars can undergo spontaneous fermentation due to wild yeasts in the air, it is possible that beer-like drinks were independently developed throughout the world soon after a tribe or culture had domesticated cereal. Also, archaeological findings show that Chinese villagers were brewing fermented alcoholic drinks as far back as 7000 BC on small and individual scale, with the production process and methods similar to that of ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. These beers are termed "real ale" by the CAMRA organisation. Yet it doth make a man fatte, and doth inflate the bely, as it doth appere by the doche mennes faces and belyes.[53]. "Beers of Joy" looks at people who aim to make the best beer. Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan have words that evolved from Latin cervisia, originally of Celtic origin. In the summer of 2000, I went to Germany. In Mesopotamia, the oldest evidence of beer is believed to be a 6,000-year-old Sumerian tablet depicting people consuming a drink through reed straws from a communal bowl. The production of alcoholic drink from cooked rice converted by microbes continues to this day, and some classify the different varieties of Chinese 米酒 (Mǐjiǔ) and Japanese sake as beer since they are made from converted starch rather than fruit sugars. "[19], Beer is also mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which the 'wild man' Enkidu is given beer to drink. [172][173] In a medical context, alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present: a person drinks large amounts over a long time period, has difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time, alcohol is strongly desired, usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities, usage results in social problems, usage results in health problems, usage results in risky situations, withdrawal occurs when stopping, and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use.

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