Gas pressure as a function of depth in Lake Nyos for four years (1989, 1990, 1992, and 1998). Water On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock. Lake Nyos is one of three eruptive features in the immediate area. The others are prominent basaltic cinder cones located 1 km to the NE and 2 km to the south (fig. For each lake, a redundancy analysis was performed between physico-chemical parameters and biological parameters as a function of depth. In Lake Monoun, there was a slight lowering of temperature from 2003 to 2004 between 55 and 65 m depth. Magma deep underneath the lake releases carbon dioxide into its depths. I went into my daughter's bed, thinking that she was still sleeping. I got my motorcycle ... A friend whose father had died left with me (for) Wum ... As I rode ... through Nyos I didn't see any sign of any living thing ... (When I got to Wum), I was unable to walk, even to talk ... my body was completely weak. It is thought that the violent degassing mobilized the lake sediments from the bottom and huge waves eroded part of the steep shores, bringing sediments in suspension and colouring the lake brown. Nyos is a relatively small lake, measuring a little more than a mile long, just under a mile wide and less than 700 feet deep. [12] The normally blue waters of the lake turned a deep red after the outgassing, due to iron-rich water from the deep rising to the surface and being oxidised by the air. This lowering was Though Rwanda has begun using methane from Lake … NASA Goddard Space However, CO2 was the only gas detected in samples of lake water, suggesting that this was the predominant gas released and as such the main cause of the incident.[14]. One survivor, Joseph Nkwain from Subum, described himself when he awoke after the gases had struck: "I could not speak. Within the remnants of past eruptions, large pockets of carbon dioxide created by magma were trapped until underwater springs freed the gas which emerged into the lake's … [21][22] In 2019 it was determined that the degassing had reached an essentially steady state and that a single one of the installed pipes would be able to self-sustain the degassing process into the future, indefinitely maintaining the CO2 at a safe level of without any need for external power.[23]. Figure 1 shows the relatively constant temperatures over time in the middle and bottom layers for both Lakes Nyos and Monoun. P (pascals) = density * g * height. Kivu is in a seismically active area, so an earthquake could generate waves in the lake that would mix the layers enough to release the trapped gases. Though it is impossible to know for sure from this image, it is possible that the small white dots are villages and settlements amidst the forests and brown, volcanic hills. But Lake Teletskoye is more than a large, deep lake. 1B) and >70% at the bottom of Lake Nyos (Fig. Poisoning by these gases would lead to burning pains in the eyes and nose, coughing and signs of asphyxiation similar to being strangled. The level of the lake dropped by about a metre and trees near the lake were knocked down. It is located within the 9,000 km² Altaisky Zapovednik nature reserve, which helps protect its unspoiled waters. The volcano that formed Lake Nyos was extinct, but the magna carter that fed it was still … It is not known what triggered the catastrophic outgassing. In a strange natural phenomenon, the lake’s position inside the crater of a dormant volcano means that gas rises from an underground magma chamber. First there must be an abundant source of CO2, and second a lake must be strongly stratified, a situation where the bottom and surface waters do not mix, in order to trap the CO2 in bottom waters. The lake in central Africa is in the middle of a whiting event caused by calcium carbonate precipitation. Lake Nyos is a volcanic lake in the northwestern region of Cameroon, situated some 196 miles northwest of the capital Yaoundé. Two additional pipes were installed in 2011. Some experts attribute the cause to a landslide, others stick to a small volcanic eruption on the In the dry season, the water level drops 1.5 m. Beneath the lake is a pocket of magma which causes the carbon dioxide to mix with water and change it to carbonic acid. I collapsed and fell. Within the 208-meter depths (682 ft) of Lake Nyos rested a porous deposit of ancient volcanic boulders and ash. [16], The scale of the disaster led to much study on how a recurrence could be prevented. [4] About 4,000 inhabitants fled the area, and many of these developed respiratory problems, lesions, and paralysis as a result of the gas cloud. At a depth of 200 meters in Lake Nyos, the pressure of pure CO2 C O 2, released from a volcanic vent is equal to the water pressure at this depth. "[4][15], Following the eruption, many survivors were treated at the main hospital in Yaoundé, the country's capital. The 210 m depth represents the lake bottom. The chain acts as a natural boundary between Nigeria and Cameroon. To compound the problem, Lake Nyos is unusually still. The image was acquired by the Operational Land Imager on the Landsat 8 satellite. Water samples were collected during the … Two more pipes were installed in 2011. Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2,000 times larger than Lake Nyos, was also found to be supersaturated, and geologists found evidence that outgassing events around the lake happened about every thousand years. But Lake Teletskoye is more than a large, deep lake. Land Water, Straddling Austria and Hungary, the lake is also known as the “Sea of the Viennese.”, Image of the Day Lake Nyos is one of the three lakes in the world known to be saturated with carbon dioxide (the two others being Kivu and Monoun in the DRC an… [6][7][8] Most geologists suspect a landslide, but some believe that a small volcanic eruption may have occurred on the bed of the lake. On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock. [14], It is a possibility that other volcanic gases were released along with the CO2, as some survivors reported a smell of gunpowder or rotten eggs which indicates that sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide were present at concentrations above their odour thresholds. Lake Nyos is a deep maar lake on the Cam- eroon volcanic line, having a surface area of 1.58 km2, a flat bottom, and a maximum water depth of 208 m. Past investigations of masses of dissolved materials in the lake are based on the bathymetric map of Hassert (19 12) who plumbed its depth. This is a great way to show students that carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air. The inlet of C2001 pipe was anchored to lake bottom. 2). Lake Nyos is an active crater lake that formed by a volcanic eruption about 5 centuries ago. Water The natural-color image above shows Lake Nyos as it appeared on December 18, 2014. Lake Nyos is located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), a 950-mile long chain of volcanoes and volcanic crater lakes extending from the Gulf of Guinea into Cameroon and Nigeria. The event resulted in the supersaturated deep water rapidly mixing with the upper layers of the lake, where the reduced pressure allowed the stored CO2 to effervesce out of solution.[11]. It was a quiet, blue colored, beautiful lake, surrounded by small villages where the livelihood of the villagers was based on farming and raising cattle. A Greek novel by Basileios Drolias focusing on the Lake Nyos disaster and the degassing of the lake was published in 2016. Geologists believe the Nyos maar formed about 400 years ago, though the area has been volcanically active since the South American and African tectonic plates split some 110 million years ago. [16] Skin lesions found on survivors represent pressure sores, and in a few cases exposure to a heat source, but there is no evidence of chemical burns or of flash burns from exposure to hot gases. [13], Since carbon dioxide is 1.5 times the density of air, the cloud hugged the ground and moved down the valleys, where there were various villages. I became unconscious. A pocket of magma lies 80 kilometers (50 miles) below the surface. Around 2 million people live in the valleys surrounding the lake, which is 1700 times bigger than Lake Nyos and twice as deep. [20], Starting from 1995, feasibility studies were successfully conducted, and the first permanent degassing tube was installed at Lake Nyos in 2001. Despite the inherent dangers of living so close to active volcanoes and dangerous lakes, roughly 10,000 people populate the area. The lake is nearly 80 kilometers long by 5 kilometers wide and 325 meters deep; it is one of the deepest lakes in the world. Eventually the gas becomes too concentrated and a bubble of CO2 bursts from the lake. Snow and Ice. I was surprised to see that my trousers were red, had some stains like honey. In 2001, French scientists installed a degassing instrument—mostly a pipe and fountain that allows gas to escape at a consistent rate. depths the temperatures have remained fairly constant even after the degassing. For roughly 23 kilometres (14 mi), the gas cloud was concentrated enough to suffocate many people in their sleep in the villages of Nyos, Kam, Cha, and Subum. Lake Nyos is roughly one square mile in surface area, with a maximum depth of 690 feet. Image of the Day It is located within the 9,000 km² Altaisky Zapovednik nature reserve, which helps … After months of examination and research, scientists revealed how the eruption had happened. [2][3] The gas cloud initially rose at nearly 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) and then, being heavier than air, descended onto nearby villages, displacing all the air and suffocating people and livestock within 25 kilometres (16 mi) of the lake.[4][5]. Within the 208-meter depths (682 ft) of Lake Nyos rested a porous deposit of ancient volcanic boulders and ash. Following the Lake Nyos disaster, scientists investigated other African lakes to see if a similar phenomenon could happen elsewhere. The distance between the inlets and the lake bottom depends on the water level of Lake Nyos. Caption by Elaine Hunt. The mass was about 50 metres (160 ft) thick, and travelled downward at 20–50 kilometres per hour (12–31 mph). [16] At nonlethal levels, CO2 can produce sensory hallucinations, such that many people exposed to CO2 report the odor of sulfuric compounds when none are present. Although the Lake Nyos crater may be the oldest of these eruptive features, it is still very young. Land. The siderite dissolves at a rate of 20.09 mm a 21 for samples placed at a depth of 50 m, whereas precipitation took place in deeper waters. Human Presence, Image of the Day I slept till it was 4.30 in the afternoon ... on Friday (the same day). The unpredictable and dangerous nature of the lake led scientists from around the world to propose solutions that would prevent another carbon dioxide eruption. Within the remnants of past eruptions, large pockets of carbon dioxide created by magma were trapped until underwater springs freed … Fractionation-corrected major element data agree well with experimental data on mantle peridotite and suggest that Lake Nyos magmas formed at … Others still believe there was a small earthquake, but because witnesses did not report feeling any tremors on the morning of the disaster, this hypothesis is unlikely. On the evening of August 21, 1986, a silent, invisible killer raced down the hills around Lake Nyos, taking the lives of nearly everything in its path. The depths of Nyos is 209m, corresponding to a pressure of 203.5 dbar. The lake is nearly 80 kilometers long by 5 kilometers wide and 325 meters deep; it is one of the deepest lakes in the world. The lake is situated on the flank of an inactive Oku volcanic plain. From Kling and others (1998). The conversion factor was obtained from the bottom depth [m] measured using a calibrated wire and the pressure [dbar] measured by an underwater data logger at the bottom of the lake. The precipitation rate … [24], A disaster in Cameroon due to a volcanic eruption of Lake Nyos, Lake Nyos as it appeared eight days after the eruption. Lake Nyos as seen some days after the catastrophic release of carbon dioxide. 1 A). NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Nyos valley north of Lake Nyos. [8], Interviews with survivors and pathologic studies indicated that victims rapidly lost consciousness and that death was caused by CO2 asphyxiation. I saw some ... starchy mess on my body. The hole from the eruption eventually fills with water, forming a crater lake. While a landslide of the scale suspected in the Nyos eruption might not cause enough mixing at Kivu, due to the lake’s size and depth, there are several other possible triggers. A degassing system has since been installed at the lake, with the aim of reducing the concentration of CO2 in the waters and therefore the risk of further eruptions. Schematic of degassing at Lake Nyos. Nyos degassing project. Lake Nyos is a lake in Cameroon which released a lethal cloud of gas on August 21st, 1986, killing 1800 people and 3500 livestock. Human Presence Lake Teletskoye, one of Siberia’s prime tourist destinations, is a large lake that is nestled in a narrow valley between the snow-capped Al-tyntu (west, at top) and Korbu (east, at bottom) mountain ridges of the Altai Mountains. The magma is approximately 50 miles below the lake. Lake Nyos, located in Cameroon, West Africa, had no signs of volcanic activity or that natural disaster could take place. The depth of lake bottom at the position of C1 and C2 is −210 m in the rainy season. Thorough investigations of the physics and chemistry of lakes Monoun and Nyos quickly revealed that both lakes still contain huge amounts of carbon dioxide (10 millions m3 and 300 millions m3 in Monoun and Nyos, respectively) and that this gas is being added at such a rate that saturation could be reached within years in the deep layers of the lakes. The soil on and around the old volcano is rich and fertile, and even after the 1986 disaster people were eager to return to it. It began with the buildup of carbon dioxide within the lake. Changes over time in the amount and concentration of CO 2 at Lake Nyos. To this day, three decades later, scientists are still not sure of the exact cause of the deadly eruption of that fateful day. Flight Center, Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program (2015). The aim of this study was to assess the microbial diversity associated with Lake Nyos, a lake with an unusual chemistry in Cameroon. On the night of the 26 th of August, 1986, however, everything changed. Carbon dioxide from that magma slowly percolates through Earth’s crust with the groundwater and accumulates in the bottom of the lake. The suffocating gas killed nearly 1,800 people, 3,500 livestock, and countless birds and insects. It is believed that about 1.2 cubic kilometres (0.29 cu mi) of gas was released. Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos (Cameroon) before and during controlled degassing is described using results of regular monitoring obtained during the last 21 years. Lake Nyos sits high in a volcanic plain amidst the Cameroon line of volcanoes, which stretches into the Gulf of Guinea. Degassing the “Killer Lakes” Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon. Image of the Day Many volcanoes are localized along these faults. It was believed that many of the victims had been poisoned by a mixture of gases that included hydrogen and sulfur. Lake Nyos disaster, Cameroon, 1986: the medical effects of large scale emission of carbon dioxide?, BMJ, Volume 298, May 27, 1989, "Cameroon's Lake Nyos Gas Burst: 30 Years Later", "21 August: 1986: Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster", "The Strangest Disaster of the 20th Century", "Scientists hope to quiet Cameroon's killer lakes", "The 1986 Lake Nyos Gas Disaster in Cameroon, West Africa", "Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: Defusing certain disaster", "Simulation of CO2 Concentrations, Temperature, and Stratification in Lake Nyos for Different Degassing Scenarios", http://pagesperso-orange.fr/mhalb/nyos/nyos.htm, "Degassing the "Killer Lakes" Expedition 2001", "Science Actualités – Ressources – Cité des sciences et de l'industrie – Expositions, conférences, cinémas, activités culturelles et sorties touristiques pour les enfants, les parents, les familles – Paris", Google Earth view of the area around Lake Nyos, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Nyos_disaster&oldid=1021650817, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 May 2021, at 22:08. The lake itself fills a circular maar, formed when groundwater meets hot lava or magma and explodes. The border between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo runs down the middle of the lake (Figure 4). Land Scientists concluded from evidence that a 100 m (330 ft) column of water and foam formed at the surface of the lake, spawning a wave of at least 25 metres (82 ft) that swept the shore on one side. [9][10] A third possibility is that cool rainwater falling on one side of the lake triggered the overturn. [1], The eruption triggered the sudden release of about 100,000–300,000 tons (1.6 million tons, according to some sources) of carbon dioxide (CO2). Scientists would discover months later, after much research, that a cloud of carbon dioxide rose out of the lake and rolled into a valley below at more than 100 kilometers (60 miles) per hour. While a landslide of the scale suspected in the Nyos eruption might not cause enough mixing at Kivu, due to the lake’s size and depth, there are several other possible triggers. [17] Several researchers proposed the installation of degassing columns from rafts in the middle of the lake. The Lake Nyos disaster occurred on 21 August 1986. Over ensuing weeks and months, scientists would piece together the Nyos story. The CO2(aq) profiles soon after the limnic eruptions were estimated for Lakes Monoun and Nyos using the CTD data obtained in October and November 1986, respectively. Lake Kivu. Nyos is a relatively small lake, measuring a little more than a mile long, just under a mile wide and less than 700 feet deep. Sitting atop an old volcano, a deadly brew of carbon dioxide percolates at the bottom of the lake. Third, the lake must be deep enough to contain gas at very high pressures. Scientists have also investigated other African lakes to see if the same phenomenon is possible elsewhere. A cloud of carbon dioxide elevated out from the lake and proceeded to roll into the valley below at 100 km/hr. Before the initiation of degassing, gas saturation reached the critical level of 97% at 56-m depth in Lake Monoun, and Lake Nyos water was up to 73% saturated at 206 m. Although degassing operations have reduced the dangers, gas saturation values still reach 80-90% in Monoun (Fig. (Then) I managed to go over to my neighbours' houses. Located in northwestern Cameroon, Lake Nyos sits in a crater on the edge of an inactive volcano in the Oku Volcanic Field. Lake Kivu is located at the highest point in the Rift Valley, 1,460m above sea level. [18][19] The principle is to slowly vent the CO2 by lifting heavily saturated water from the bottom of the lake through a pipe, initially by using a pump, but only until the release of gas inside the pipe naturally lifts the column of effervescing water, making the process self-sustaining. The precipitation rate … depths the temperatures have remained fairly constant even after the gases had struck ``. Using Landsat data from the lake and twice as deep lake Monoun there! Metre and trees near the lake was published in 2016 natural-color image above lake... Weeks and months, scientists revealed how the eruption eventually fills with water, forming a on! Oku volcanic plain 2003 to 2004 between 55 and 65 m depth that trousers. Of 690 feet much study on how a recurrence could be prevented even after catastrophic... 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