The coal may be used for a great variety of purposes, such as general industrial purposes, including iron and steel, and chemical industries, electrical utilities, as a locomotive fuel for rail/road and for domestic purposes. Pakistan is ranked 7th internationally regarding lignitic coal reserves but, unluckily, Pakistan steel industry has imported from 2.84mt to 4.27mt coal per year between 2006 and 2011. Editors: Zaman Khan I Abdullah Niazi I Mariam Zermina I be productive. Coal energy is very affordable due to its stable price unlike any other forms of energy in the market. In 2008, China had 2,282 million short tons of coal in known reserves. SECMC plans to add additional capacity of 11.4 MTPA beyond Phase II by Dec 2021, which would bring the electricity tariff down further. Additionally, if we look by sector, 79% of the global industrial energy requirement is fulfilled by coal powered electricity production. Despite the bad representation especially from the environmentalists, coal has many applications and not just in electricity generation, which is why it remains a vital product all over the world. Coal is something that we might have come across at least once in our lifetime. It relies heavily on thermal energy which makes use of imported oil as a fuel source. Pakistan can easily do away with coal. In retrospect, Pakistan has one of the lowest carbon footprint in the world, and the concerns raised in the West are not as dire as implied. Pakistan, Coal Usage Details. Every year 1,000 million ton of lignite (low grade) coal is mined globally. By 2050, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) predicts that the share of renewables in power generation will rise to 86% globally, compared to 25% today, with 60% of that share coming from solar and wind. Pakistan is now moving from a gas dominated energy mix to coal. Business, Economic & Financial news by 'Pakistan Today'. However, according to forecasted estimates, by 2020 electricity generation using coal as a fuel would sum up to 15% of total energy produced. Pakistan has huge coal reserves especially lignite coal. ISLAMABAD: The recently released Economic Survey 2019-20 has noted that the use of coal in Pakistan’s energy mix is currently negligible and the government is focused on increasing its contribution to 30% by the year 2030. Electricity of 5,000 megawatt can be produced for 50 years with 1.57billion tons of coal and Thar coal will play vital role in meeting country’s power requirements, he added. But, there are number of factors leading to this decision. Coal is considered amongst the dirtiest fuels which harms the environment badly. The worth of these Oil prices always remain prone to fluctuation. There are also a variety of precious and semi-precious minerals that are also mined. Coal burning is not considered to be environmental friendly due to the production of harmful by-products like nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Both gas (despite import of LNG) and hydel (due to climate change, and contested use of water) are no more predictable sources of electricity generation in the country. Coal refers to all coal and brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). “Pakistan’s current energy crisis is due to reliance on wrong fuel mix and dependence on imports. The coal burnt ash is based on iron, calcium, alumina and silica. Thar deposit alone is estimated to be 175 billion tons. USESUSES Different types of coal have different uses. China being an export driven economy requires that their products are priced competitively in the global markets. It became the responsibility of the West to consolidate a global effort to reduce carbon emissions. Dr. Abid Qaiyum Suleri, Executive Director, Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) said adopting coal technology to meet energy shortage at a time when the world is moving away from it is certainly not a good idea. However it can be converted to a substitute for crude oil through the Fischer Tropsch technology. World says goodbye to coal, Pakistan opens new power plants . Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (SECMC) Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Shamsuddin Ahmed Shaikh said SECMC is committed to deliver the true benefit of Thar to the people of Pakistan as early as possible. Using data from the World Resources Institute, the US had the highest emissions between 1850 and 2007 at 28.8%, whereas China only produced 9%. Unfortunately, coal has negative impacts, which leave the world torn between two ends of the spectrum. These plants will achieve CoD by Dec 2019. Pakistan has huge resources of coal that remain untapped with less than 1% contribution in the energy mix. @misc{etde_20476629, title = {The potential for coal use in Pakistan} author = {Couch, G} abstractNote = {The discovery during the 1990s of a substantial coalfield under the Thar desert in Pakistan has prompted a reassessment of the potential role of coal as a fuel. Coal is mainly being used as a fuel in thermal power generation, cement industries, in brick kilns, and as a chemical feedstock for various industries such as fertilizers and metallurgical operations. This is why it is highly unlikely that coal production will completely stop, unless it totally runs out, which would be a long time coming. It is a powdery and burnt derivative of inorganic mineral that is produced during the pulverized coal combustion in thermal power plants. Most developing countries rely on coal because it is locally sourced, therefore brings down the power tariff. Ex-chairman NEPRA said Thar coal source has become Pakistan’s energy security. In order to meet its energy needs Pakistan has to rely on its indigenous coal deposits. Coal fulfills the current need for the energy consumption of Pakistan, contributing by 12.7% of commercial energy consumption during 2017–2018. Mining followed by above ground gasification is the way forward for a coal rich and gas starved nation like Pakistan. Coal Fields in Pakistan The author must realise that Pakistan has reserves of low grade coal in Thar called lignite. This is a change of -5.16% from one year ago. copyrighted © 2021 The Express Tribune. 2015). Fast and secure Turkish messaging app BiP introduces group, chat import, JazzCash Business app hits a snag as users fail to sign…, Karachi-based CreditBook raises bet on digitising MSMEs with $1.5mn in seed…, Jabberwock Ventures raises close to $20mn in Series-B round for startups…, A professional’s guide to calculating Zakat, Stocks surge 506 points on back of energy sector, Pakistan, Hungary launch online platform to boost trade links, Pakistan seeks enhanced trade ties with Kuwait, Rs85bn accord for construction of Balakot Hydropower Project signed. Stringent regulations in the form of environmental impact assessments (EIA) and mine closure insurances on currently operating mines by the world interest groups are in practice to reduce the environmental harms. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, Feasibility studies for coal extraction at Block I and VI of Thar block II have been completed. Because of its role in the industrial revolution, coal became the fuel of choice of developing economies over the world. Under CPEC, there are numerous coal powered plants coming up in the near future. It already has the surplus capacity- the entire coal fleet operated at just 37% utilisation in 2019/20. It has lot of moisture and ash content, with much lower calorific value. “China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) promises to bring the much needed economic growth in the region and coal will play a dominant role in the energy mix of Pakistan reaching up to 30% by 2030,” Shamsuddin said. SECMC plans to expand the Block II mining project to 19 mtpa with the next 6 years taking the total generation capacity based on Block II coal to 3300 MW. Officials at petroleum and natural resources ministry said with reserves close to 200 billion tons Pakistan has emerged as a major player in the coal industry. 6%). It is anticipated that, if properly exploited, Pakistan’s coal resources may generate more than 100,000 MW of electricity for the next 30 years. Coal energy is depleting fast because many people consume a large amount of it inefficiently. Underground mining is very hazardous because cave-ins and explosions are common. Mining is an important industry in Pakistan.Pakistan has deposits of several minerals including coal, copper, gold, chromite, mineral salt, bauxite and several other minerals. • It is also widely used in domestic activities such as cooking and heating. Pakistan Coal Production is at a current level of 3.859M, down from 4.068M one year ago. Developing economies use coal as an energy source because it’s the cheapest source of fuel for electricity generation. Countries like Poland, South Africa, China, India, Australia, Czech Republic, Kazakhstan,Germany, USA, UK, Turkey, Ukraine and Japan are generating 96%, 88%, 78%, 78%, 77%, 72%, 69.9%, 52.5%, 52%, 37%, 31.3%, 27.5% and 22.9% of electricity from coal respectively. The abundance of coal energy is another advantage. China has large reserves of coal, making it the fuel of choice for power generation and providing it with a cheap, abundant source of energy. Coal is basically a combustible sedimentary rock usually occurring in parts known as coal beds or coal seams. Copyright © 2021. There is a two-pronged approach in the use of coal for power generation thereby making the operations environmentally sustainable. Dr Farid A Malik Ex-chairman Pakistan Science Foundation said that by looking at the electricity generation mix of the countries that are blessed with coal, it is evident that coal is and in near future will remain the largest contributor in meeting their energy need. To achieve this, it is essential for the industrial sector to have access to a reliable and cheap source of electricity. Saba Qamar asks 'shareef' Pakistanis, I don’t feel the best on Father’s Day: Hania Aamir on strained parent-child relationships, Mahira’s son says his mom should win an Oscar for Maula Jatt, Steering policies in a turbulent environment. Compared with oil and natural gas, it is one of the most abundant sources of energy. That being said, we will be studying about coal and some of its uses here. Pakistan coal usage/consumption for 2015 was 0.14%, a 0% increase from 2014. “Use of coal technology for power generation purposes is decreasing but not dying in the civilized world,” said Fazal Ullah Quershi Ex-chairman NEPRA. Pakistan has surprisingly used historically high amount of coal for power production which accounts for around one-fourth of the total generation, helping reduce the average cost of electricity generation in October 2019. Vision needed to use huge coal reserves to build Carbon-Chemical industry. Reliability is entailed and presented in this form of energy. This form of energy produces high energy upon its combustion process. Coal is used to build power stations in different parts of the world since it is a fossil fuel as long as there are huge amounts of it. Being a late entrant Pakistan can benefit from the clean coal technologies available today. For more information, please see our Comments FAQ, UAE to suspend travel from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka from May 12, Fact check: PM Imran didn't receive Zakat during Saudi Arabia visit, Why is 'Sexify' trending in our country? Layout: Rizwan Ahmad I Video Editor: Talha Farooqi I Fawad Shakeel I Photographers: Zubair Mehfooz & Imran Gillani I The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam, which is then used to spin turbines which turn generators and create electricity. By embracing coal, Pakistan is bucking a global trend. Keeping in line with the international standards, SECMC conducted a detailed EIA to assess the damage that might be caused by mining in Thar. When coal is used for electricity generation, it is usually pulverized and then combusted (burned) in a furnace with a boiler. And, in the future, unless we invest in stable fuel sources, the demand and supply gap is expected to widen further given our current power capacity. Despite this, there are over 50 countries that have more than 85% dependence on non-renewable energy resources at present. Coal quality and economics of Thar coal have been compared favourably with other lignite mines around the world. After observing a historic low since 2008, they are again bound to rise, turning up the per unit cost of electricity which makes it an expensive affair for Pakistan. The current government came to power partially on the promise that it would resolve the energy woes of the country. Some of the biggest producers are China, USA, India and Indonesia. Using data from 2015, coal is not used for electricity production in Pakistan. In the future, when Thar coal is used for power generation, thermal production would increase even more but Thar coal will replace some portion of imported fuel. If you are using it for manufacturing your material then always use coal fly ash in Pakistan. Coal, gas, and oil are among the top fossil fuels used globally for generating electricity and meeting energy demands. Research on clean coal technology is underway, which would reduce the environmental impact of coal. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), coal reserves in the United States alone can last up to approximately 190 years, while the rest of the world has at least for another 300 years. According to Dr Farid A Malik, Pakistan, in order to meet its energy needs, has to rely on its indigenous coal deposits. However, coal reserves of Thar only can generate 10,0000 MW of electricity for the next 30 years without load shedding and at a rate of Rs 4 which is less than the current cost of electricity production. During the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels seemed to be the ideal energy source. • It is also used as a raw material in fertilizers, ceramic and brick kiln industry. According to the report, Sindh has an estimated 185 billion tons of coal reserves in Lakhra, east of Indus, and Thar. All Rights Reserved. Coal is a primary energy source. Facts SUMMARY OF COAL USAGE: PAKISTAN The coal used by Pakistan gave off an estimated 23.79 million metric tons of CO2 in 2010. Pakistan was and still remains an energy thirsty country. And, SNG (synthetic natural gas) is expected to be a viable option for coal rich countries like Pakistan while environmental friendly technologies like IGCC hold promise for the future of coal. About the future of coal in the world, and particularly in Pakistan, Dr. Abid Qaiyum Suleri, Executive Director, Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) said, “ I think coal’s days are numbered. Steam coal - also known as thermal coal - is mainly used in power generation. For the existing plants, standards have been enforced eg BACT (Best Available Control Technology), MATS (Mercury and Air Toxic Standards), etc, whereas for new plants instead of direct combustion, coal is first gasified and turned into a clean fuel called SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) which is now competing with LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) as a clean source of energy. Pakistan has to make its intentions clear. At Pakistan’s current population and urbanization growth rate, we would need six times more energy than what we have installed, by 2030,” said Fazal Ullah Qureshi. Uses. But solutions exist whereby coal can be used in a way that it causes less environmental harm. While, use of around 1000 million tons of Lignite coal annually calls for environmental sensitivities. Australia, China, India and USA use coal for 80, 78, 53 and 50%, respectively, of their total power production (IEA 2015), while in Pakistan the situation is not the same. However, environmental considerations have challenged the use of coal as a fuel in the 21st century. Due to the negative impact of coal on environment, very soon the countries reliant on coal would be accused of eco-dumping (selling at lower cost than production cost due to comprising on environment). Even today, the most efficient solar cells only convert just over 20% of the sun’s rays to electricity. Peat is also included in this category. • It is also used in Bitumen i.e. There has to be something new invented which will be low on cost, high on performance and environment friendly, The author is an investigative journalist. Lignite is a low-grade, sulfurous coal that is generally used in modified industrial furnaces to generate heat for boilers, coke oven heaters, brick kilns, etc. For optimum utilization of gas pipeline network, production of synthetic natural gas from coal … If coal mining were to stop, a lot of industries will be affected, including paper manufacturers, pharmaceutical firms, and alumina refineries. Thermal uses Regasified LNG and Diesel. In 2014, only 0.1% of total electricity comes from coal in Pakistan despite having huge coal reserves (HDIP 2014). Pakistan energy mix for 2015 was comprised of predominately thermal and hydro with thermal production comprising 67.3% of the total energy produced. The Government of Pakistan has made the Thar Project part of CPEC and introduced a range of supportive government policies for indigenous fuel for power generation. China, USA and India are the largest users of coal. Unless otherwise stated, all content is Use of Fly Ash. used for roofing, surfacing, roads, etc. Pakistan’s coal-fired power generation jumped 57% to a record in the fiscal year through June, according to data from the government’s National Electric Power Regulatory Authority. Nevertheless Pakistan’s embrace of coal bucks the global trend. Modern technology is there to help. Later, post-colonial Pakistan had used coal to fule its industry from independence to the discovery of the Baluchistan's Sui gas field in 1952 and the Toot oilfield in 1964. Comments are moderated and generally will be posted if they are on-topic and not abusive. After the initial discovery, in 1992, Geological Survey of Pakistan began detailed exploration in the region and estimated the coal reserves in Thar to be approximately 175 billion tons. At present, the prime minister’s announcement won’t stop the use of coal in its energy sector. A NOC for Mining & Power Projects was issued by SEPA after public hearings and expert review meetings.’. Expanding the mine brings down the coal price and consequently the power tariff is reduced. It is also easy to burn. Besides their low conversion efficiency, solar panels require substantial initial investment. Pakistan ranks 38th in the world for Coal consumption, accounting for about 0.9% of the world's total consumption of 1,139,471,430 tons. Coal burning can cause pollution and damage to the environment causing for example, acid rain. So even if it is considered non-renewable, it is unlikely that there will be a shortage of coal any time soon. He said advances in coal technology have allowed the world to use coal in power generation for meeting energy needs. redistributed or derived from. The coal, nuclear and renewables contribute a minor percentage in our energy mix. IGCC process has been invented decades ago but never got popularised due to high capital cost. This form of energy is not a renewable one. It could be used for 15% power production but most of Chinese power plants are being designed with imported anthracite coal. India has increased its electricity generation from coal threefold since the 1990’s justifying it as the fuel of choice for the now developed countries during their developing stage. Future of coal power generation projects of CPEC. By 2050, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) predicts that the share of renewables globally in power generation would rise to 86% compared to 25% today, with 60% of this from solar and wind. Steam locomotives, the quintessential machines of the Industrial Revolution, used coal as a fuel source to compensate for a lack of firewood and charcoal. Pakistan uses coal, hydroelectric, natural gas, nuclear and oil sources to meet energy demand. They said International collaboration will ensure proper utilization of coal as mandated by 21st century usage challenges. And, at mine capacity of 7.6 MTPA (million tons per annum), by December, 2019 Thar Coal Prices will become comparable to imported Coal. In addition, mining is a labor-intensive industry; therefore it is a source of jobs for China’s large labor force as well. Coal has been used extensively in power generation where better technology is employed to ensure that there is a balance between ecology and economics in producing sustainable and affordable energy. Pakistan Today. The Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) in July 2017 imposed a complete ban on coal handling at Karachi Port, and ever since, PIBT was the only terminal handling commercial imports of coal… However since coming into power, US President Donald Trump has rolled back Obama eras climate policies and also given the go ahead to the Keystone XL pipeline, putting the global climate change agreement into jeopardy. Coal which is used in the slurry collected from Darra mines in Pakistan (Irfan et al. In comparison, Pakistan only generates 0.04% of electricity through coal. State of the art technology like IGCC (Integrated gasification combined cycle) is being planned for Thar coal deposit. Use of coal in the 21 st century is highly regulated due to environmental considerations. It relies heavily on thermal energy which makes use of imported oil as a fuel source. Currently in Pakistan coal slurry fuels is low rank Indian coals. This is where coal comes into the picture. Why did Retailo raise a phenomenal seed round? Two power plants of 660 MW each are being set up at Port Qasim, another two imported plants of the same capacity are being set up at Sahiwal. With increased advances in solar cell technology, this number is likely to increase, but the storage will always be a constant running expense. Due to the huge use of petroleum products, import of oil, LPG, and LNG will be an expensive energy source in Pakistan. Pakistan desperately needs energy for industrial and personal usages. Coal fired plants use different kinds of machinery that convert heat energy produced from combustion into mechanical energy. It supplies around 30% of the primary energy needs all over the world, generating 40% of electricity. He said energy deficient nations like Pakistan have no option but to rely on indigenous coal reserves for reaching up to 30 – 40% of the energy mix by 2030. To address the environmental concerns, various solutions have been employed. These include the oil rich Arab countries, China, Australia, South Africa, some US states and European countries. Although environmental considerations have challenged the use of coal as a 21st century fuel, yet future of coal rests on the success of state of the art Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology while coal still produces more than 50% power globally. Pakistan should use all the available resources it can including coal to produce energy. The estimated coal resources are more than 185 billion tonnes; 175 billion tonnes discovered from Thar coalfields in Sindh province (Pakistan Economic Survey, 2011). Pakistan has huge resources of coal that remain untapped with less than 1% contribution in the energy mix. As a result, developed countries are introducing legislation to restrict the use of coal due to its environmental impact. Major industrial houses of Pakistan and prominent Chinese investors have expressed interest in obtaining coal from SECMC to set up power projects. Over time, the concerns over carbon emissions became the single most influential factor for global warming. Our major reliance for electricity had been on gas, hydel, and furnace oil. Additionally, coal demand is now shifting to Asia, where emerging economies with growing populations are seeking affordable and secure energy sources to power their economies. Pakistan is the only country that is blessed with 185 billion tons of coal and is producing negligible electricity from coal 0. It is set to fuel power stations and cement works in Pakistan. 21. The climate change agreement in PARIS during COP21, and its subsequent endorsement in COP22 in Marrakech are some of the developments discouraging the use of coal. The recently released Economic Survey 2019-20 has noted that the use of coal in Pakistan’s energy mix is currently negligible and the government is focused on increasing its contribution to 30% by the year 2030. Pakistan consumes 50,089 cubic feet of Coal per capita every year (based on the 2016 population of 203,631,353 people), or 137 cubic feet per capita per day. Over the years, Pakistan has shifted from indigenously sourced fuel to imported fuel. Not only was the West a major contributor of carbon emissions, they also had the largest consumption footprint, according to recent research conducted at the National Academy of Science at the US. Coal energy is producing tremendous amount of carbon emissions that results in climate change and global warming. 175.5 billion tonnes of coal in Thar area of Sindh, Pakistan’s coal power potential has increased manifold. Also, mining at Thar is technically, economically and environmentally viable while Thar coal compares favorably with other lignite mines around the world such as those in India and Germany. Use of coal in the 21st century is highly regulated due to environmental considerations. Thar lignite can be utilized in mine-mouth power plants and can be transported to India, China, Germany etc. In many other developed countries coal is being used as the primary source for power generation. By some estimates, the local use of coal by 2030 will be around 30 percent, for which about 50m ton of coal will have to be mined annually. Coking coal - also known as metallurgical coal - is mainly used in steel production. It is also ruining the ecosystem and environment and putting many people’s lives in danger especially miners. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Coal_Mines_and_Resources The power generation scale of coal is great, which makes it possible for building a range of sizes of generation plants. There is a trend in developed countries to switch to renewable energy sources for their power requirements. Pakistan’s energy mix from historical perspective, current status and future plan. Would it…, eCommerce Awards 2021 – How, Why & What’s Next, An open letter to the chief blocking officer at the PTA. Its use was also found in historic steam engines at the dawn of the industrial revolution. The studies were conducted for both the mine and the power plant in Thar Block-II by international consultants SRK UK and Hagler Bailly Pakistan. The thermodynamic efficiency of this process has been improved over time. The west’s carbon footprint is worse than that of China and India, as historical emissions are a greater contributor to climate change than the current. Even now, developed countries like Denmark, have thermal power plants as backup for electricity generation, if renewable fails. In India coal water slurry is used in Vallur, Tamil Nadu. Thal and Hubco have already received LOI from PPIB to setup 330 MW plants each at Thar Block II. Coal, which is readily available in most of the developing and developed world, has been used as a major source of fuel even in ancient human civilizations. The coal is a lignite, with {gt} 45% water content, but mostly with an ash content of {lt} 10%. Emissions from coal-fired power plants are being blamed for the greenhouse effect resulting in global warming. As the world says goodbye to coal, Pakistan opens new plants. Pakistan, with 185 billion tons of coal reserves, has just 7.89% share in terms of coal … The West is shifting to lower emissions technologies and renewable resources because of growing concerns over carbon emissions that contribute to global warming and other emissions. For optimum utilization of gas pipeline network, production of synthetic natural gas from coal seems to be the most logical option. Coal was easy available from seams near the surface, it could also be used in households in its natural form. This was later verified in 1994 by an American mining company, Johnt Boyd, who did a comprehensive study on the most feasible mining techniques to be used in Thar. There are reportedly 1000s of small coal mines in the Duki district, most of it used in brick kilns and other factories such as textile and cement. A considerable decrease in also being used at Ceramic Industry Shaidu viscosity of CWS was observed on the addition of (Nowshehra), but the technology has been imported saponin to the synthetic surfactants, CTAB/SDS (at from China. What is used to generate power is known as a steam coal or thermal coal, while the coking coal or metallurgical coal is used mainly in producing steel. FACTS. Imported fuel is an expensive, unstable source as the main fuel source for energy production. Reporters: Meiryum Ali I Ariba Shahid I Babar Khan Javed I Taimoor Hassan l Hassan Naqvi l Shahab Omer l Ghulam Abbass l Ahmad Ahmadani l Shehzad Paracha l Aziz Buneri I Unstoppable damages could occur when mining coals. He can be reached at, Executive Editor: Babar Nizami l Managing Editor: Yousaf Nizami l Managing Editor Magazine: Farooq Tirmizi I Editor Multimedia: Umar Aziz I , we will be studying about coal and uses of coal in pakistan producing tremendous amount of it.... 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Plant in Thar called lignite lignite ( low grade coal in the future come across at least once in lifetime. Combusted ( burned ) in a furnace with a boiler of carbon emissions that results in climate change and warming... Resources of coal as an energy source because it is essential for the greenhouse effect resulting in warming! Mix from historical perspective, current status and future plan environmental friendly due to on... Coal deposits percentage in our lifetime used in domestic activities such as cooking and heating to,. Is considered non-renewable, it is a trend in developed countries are introducing legislation to the... Lignite can be transported to India, China had 2,282 million short tons lignite... 1,139,471,430 tons goodbye to coal, Pakistan ’ s lives in danger especially miners review meetings....., developed countries are introducing legislation to restrict the use of coal reserves in Lakhra east! The future capacity of 11.4 MTPA beyond Phase II by Dec 2021, would. As uses of coal in pakistan coal - also known as thermal coal - is mainly used a. Gas pipeline network, production of synthetic natural gas, hydel, and furnace..

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